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How do generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools and large language models (LLMs) influence language learners’ critical thinking in EFL education? A systematic review

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00406-0

Published Online: 2025-08-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Liu, Jing

Sihes, Ahmad Johari Bin

Lu, Ye
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-04

Version of Record valid from 2025-08-04
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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Declarations

:

: We make sure that no ethics approval issue involved in the article. All the participants attended the study voluntarily and were rewarded with gifts.

: The authors declare no competing interest.

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