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A systematic review of intelligent and robot tutoring systems: evolution, pedagogical design, and AI-driven classification

Published Online: 2026-01-06

Authors

Latif, Ehsan

Liu, Vincent

Zhai, Xiaoming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-1931
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Institute of Education Sciences (R305C240010)

National Science Foundation (2507128)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-06

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-06
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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

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