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Authors
Agbota, Jemima Dzigbordi
Folitse, Raphael Deladem https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4232-7813
Opoku, Emmanuel Darko https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9710-6632
Kodie, Dorcas Oyueley https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-6457
Tasiame, William https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-6382
Emikpe, Benjamin Obukowho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-6504
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Article History
Received: 20 April 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was a hospital-based observational study conducted using data obtained from routine clinical management of dogs presented to the KNUST Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. No experimental procedures or interventions were performed for the purpose of this research. Ethical permission to access and use clinical records for research purposes was granted by the management of the KNUST Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Verbal informed consent for examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment was obtained from dog owners as part of routine clinical practice. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and accepted standards of veterinary clinical care.
: Not applicable. No identifiable individual animal or owner data are included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
