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Article History

Received: 15 September 2024

Accepted: 24 October 2024

First Online: 1 November 2024

Declarations

:

: This study was deemed exempt from approval by the institutional review board of the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All data were de-identified and written informed consent was not obtained.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: America’s Poison Centers maintains the National Poison Data System (NPDS), which houses de-identified case records of self-reported information collected from callers during exposure management and poison information calls managed by the country’s poison control centers (PCCs). NPDS data do not reflect the entire universe of exposures to a particular substance as additional exposures may go unreported to PCCs; accordingly, NPDS data should not be construed to represent the complete incidence of US exposures to any substance(s). Exposures do not necessarily represent a poisoning or overdose, and America’s Poison Centers is not able to completely verify the accuracy of every report. Findings based on NPDS data do not necessarily reflect the opinions of America’s Poison Centers.