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Authors
Garay, Ryan S.
Hays, Hannah L.
Badeti, Jaahnavi
Rine, Natalie I.
Gaw, Christopher E.
Middelberg, Leah K.
Smith, Gary A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Child Injury Prevention Alliance
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was deemed exempt from approval by the institutional review board of the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All data were de-identified and written informed consent was not obtained.
: Not applicable.
: America’s Poison Centers maintains the National Poison Data System (NPDS), which houses de-identified records of self-reported information from callers to the country’s poison centers. NPDS data do not reflect the entire universe of US exposures and incidences related to any substance(s). Exposures do not necessarily represent a poisoning or overdose and America’s Poison Centers is not able to completely verify the accuracy of every report. NPDS data do not necessarily reflect the opinions of America’s Poison Centers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
