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Authors
Wintemute, Garen J.
Velasquez, Bradley
Li, Yueju
Tomsich, Elizabeth A.
Reeping, Paul M.
Tancredi, Daniel
Robinson, Sonia L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Joyce Foundation (SG-22-45737)
The Heising-Simons Foundation (2019-1728)
The California Wellness Foundation (20-25584)
Violence Prevention Research Program, UC Davis
California Firearm Violence Research Center
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Article History
Received: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of California Davis Institutional Review Board (category 2: exempt). The University of California, Davis, in accordance with its FWA with the Department of Health & Human Services, adheres to all federal and state regulations related to the protection of human research subjects, including 45 CFR 46 (“The Common Rule”), 21 CFR 50, 21 CFR 56 for FDA regulated products, and the principles of The Belmont Report and Institutional policies and procedures. In addition, the International Conference on Harmonization, Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) principles are adhered to insofar as they parallel the previously mentioned regulations and policies.
: Written or verbal consent to participate was not required for this online survey study. Instead, introductory text to the questionnaire as seen by participants included this statement: By continuing, you are agreeing to participate in this study. As with all Knowledge Panel surveys, your participation is entirely voluntary, and your responses will be kept confidential and anonymous. You will not be individually identified, and your de-identified responses will only be used for qualified research purposes. You may skip any question at any time. If you have any questions about this survey, you may contact the research team by calling (916) 734-3539. This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, Davis. If you have any questions about your rights as a participant in this study, you may contact the University of California, Davis, Institutional Review Board at (916) 703-9151. If you have questions about your rights as a research subject or are dissatisfied at any time with any aspect of the survey, you may also contact KnowledgePanel panel member support at (800) 782-6899. By continuing, you are agreeing to participate in this study
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
