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Authors
Kafka, Julie M.
Ellyson, Alice M.
Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
State of Washington
Fund for a Safer Future
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More Information
Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board in December 2022. The research involved analysis of administrative data and did not involve direct interaction with human subjects; therefore, informed consent was not required in accordance with IRB guidelines.
: The research involved analysis of administrative data and did not involve direct interaction with human subjects; therefore, consent for publication was not required in accordance with IRB guidelines.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
