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Authors
Conrick, Kelsey M.
Marts, Erika
Ross, Rachel
Liddell-Quintyn, Esprene
Schleimer, Julia P.
Mustafah, Ayah
Asa, Nicole
Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Collaborative on Gun Violence Research
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Article History
Received: 30 August 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: All research was conducted in accordance with the Belmont Report, and the University of Washington Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures.
: Not applicable.
: This study was based on secondary analysis of publicly disclosable court records and therefore not human subjects research.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
