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Authors
Girma, Meron
Schleimer, Julia P.
Hillen, Andrew
Aveledo, Astrid
Mustafa, Ayah
Nehra, Deepika
Davis, Dominique
Gonzalez, Elaine
Westlake, Emily
Liddell-Quintyn, Esprene
Torset, Kris
Jones, Kristian
Johnson, Laura
Benson, Lina R.
Grayson, Lynniah
Ames, Orlando
Ross, Rachel
Decker, Samantha
Hunter, Taffy
Harrison, Tarell
Simon-Matthews, Tier
Lyons, Vivian
Lynch, Zaheed
Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Washington State Department of Commerce Office of Firearm Safety and Violence Prevention
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was considered not Human Subjects Research by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board. As such, written informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
