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Authors
Austin, John R.
Song, Joy H.
Haines, Laura N.
Berndtson, Allison E.
Weaver, Jessica L.
Santorelli, Jarrett E.
Lee, Jeanne G.
Kobayashi, Leslie M.
Adams, Laura M.
Smith, Alan
Doucet, Jay J.
Liepert, Amy E.
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: The collection and analysis of data included in this article were approved under protocol “Traumatic Injury: Epidemiology, Injury Control, Treatments, and Outcomes v4”, IRB #151611, by the University of California, San Diego Institutional Review Board, under the United States “Common Rule”, 45 CFR Part 46 and the study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable, Waiver of informed consent provided by UC San Diego IRB.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
