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Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 6 May 2025

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the National Institute of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The study was approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee (FK/2012, FK/2039) and followed the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 [].

: All authors approved the manuscript for submission.

: The Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine & Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, CSL Behring, Fresenius Kabi, and Vifor Pharma for the implementation of Frankfurt’s Patient Blood Management program. KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics and Vifor and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Masimo, Pharmacosmos, Boston Scientific, Salus, iSEP, Edwards and GE Healthcare. He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). KZ: KZ leads as CEO the Christoph Lohfert Foundation as well as the Health, Patient Safety & PBM Foundation. PR declares that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG): projects 251293561 (Collaborative Research Center, CRC 1149), 465409392 (Research Unit, FOR 5417), and 278012962 (Ulm University Research Training Group PULMOSENS, GRK 2203). The remaining authors declare no potential competing interests.