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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 11 December 2025

Declarations

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: L.D.B. reports grants from Dutch lung foundation and Health Holland (Public-Private Partnership grant), grants from IMI COVID19 initiative, grants from Amsterdam UMC fellowship, grants from ZonMW (VIDI & COVID19 Urgency grant), grants from ERS Gold Metal for ARDS. He also reports advisory boards or consultancy fees, paid to the institution, for: Scailyte, Sobi, Exvastat, Santhera, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Aptarion, all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. MR.S. is supported by a personal grant from NWO (Veni, paid to the institution).