Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 21 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study strictly conformed to ethical standards for both human and animal research. For the human component, de-identified data from the MIMIC-IV database (version 1.0) were used, and informed consent was waived in accordance with regulations for anonymized datasets. For the animal research, all procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Xinhua Hospital (approval No. XHEC-F-2024-004) and conducted in full compliance with international animal care guidelines.

: This study uses data extracted from the MIMIC database, a publicly available and de-identified critical care database. All data were previously de-identified in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Safe Harbor provision, and therefore, individual patient consent for publication was not required. All authors discussed and agreed on the final version of the manuscript.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.