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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA; Certificate No. 93-R-0121) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Edwards Research Center.

: Not applicable.

: MF is a consultant for and has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). MF is a consultant for Vygon (Écouen, France). MF has received honoraria for consulting and giving lectures from CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria). BSch, FH, ZJ, and TWLS are employees of Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). BSa is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA), Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA), GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA), Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany), Vygon (Aachen, Germany), Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA), Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA). BSa has received institutional restricted research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), GE Healthcare, CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Retia Medical, Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BSa has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany), Baxter, GE Healthcare, CNSystems Medizintechnik, Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Masimo, Ratiopharm (Ulm, Germany). BSa is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia . MIMG has been a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA) and currently is for BD Advanced Patient Monitoring (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA) and Deltex Medical (Chichester, United Kingdom).