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Authors
Yeh, Yu-Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-5520
Yang, Hsin-Yu
Chiu, Ching-Tang
Chao, Anne
Chuang, Yu-Chen
Chan, Wing-Sum
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 113-2314-B-002-101-MY2)
National Taiwan University Hospital (113-FY0002)
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study utilized the MIMIC-IV (version 3.1) database. Data use was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (IRB #0403000206) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (IRB #2001-P-001699/14).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no Competing interests.
