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Authors
Silvaggio, Noah https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3860-8134
Stein, Kevin Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-008X
Coldwell, Makenna
Roca, Vuk
Sainbhi, Amanjyot Singh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3231-5683
Herath, Isuru
Bergmann, Tobias https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1082-6485
Hasan, Rakibul
Hayat, Mansoor
Moon, Jaewoong
Zeiler, Frederick A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-0510
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Endowed Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) Chair in Neuroscience/TBI Research Endowment (Endowed Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) Chair in Neuroscience/TBI Research Endowment)
NSERC (DGECR-2022-00260)
NSERC (RGPIN-2022-03621)
NSERC (ALLRP-578524-22)
NSERC (ALLRP-576386-22)
NSERC (I2IPJ-586104–23)
NSERC (ALLRP-586244-23)
NSERC (ALLRP-590680-2023,)
NSERC (ALLRP-597442-24)
NSERC (ALLRP-597708-24)
NSERC (I2IPJ-598125-24)
NSERC (ALLRP-578524-22)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (530549)
MPI Neuroscience Research Operating Fund (MPI Neuroscience Research Operating Fund)
Health Sciences Centre Foundation Winnipeg (Health Sciences Centre Foundation Winnipeg)
Canada Foundation for Innovation (38583)
Research Manitoba (3906)
Research Manitoba (5429)
Research Manitoba (5914)
Research Manitoba (6554)
Research Manitoba (7312)
Pan Am Clinic Foundation of Winnipeg. (Pan Am Clinic Foundation of Winnipeg.)
Research Manitoba Master’s Studentship Award (Research Manitoba Master’s Studentship Award)
NSERC CGS-D program (CGS D-579021-2023)
University of Manitoba R.G. and E.M. Graduate Fellowship (Doctoral) in Biomedical Engineering (University of Manitoba R.G. and E.M. Graduate Fellowship (Doctoral) in Biomedical Engineering)
University of Manitoba MD/PhD program (University of Manitoba MD/PhD program)
University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program (University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program)
University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program (University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program)
University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program (University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program)
University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF) in Biomedical Engineering. (University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF) in Biomedical Engineering.)
NSERC CGS-M program (NSERC CGS-M program)
NSERC PGS-D program (PGS D-600443–2025)
University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program. (University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Agency Stipends (GETS) program.)
University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF) in Biomedical Engineering (University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF) in Biomedical Engineering)
Research Manitoba Post-Doctoral Fellowship (Research Manitoba Post-Doctoral Fellowship)
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Article History
Received: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 12 August 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This is a retrospective cohort study of an existing prospectively maintained TBI database by our lab group. Ethical approval for this analysis has been secured and is covered under H2024:266 (SH2024-140) and H2024:217 (SH2024-114).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: F.A.Z. currently has NSERC Alliance Advantage grant (ALLRP-597708-24) support in partnership with Medtronic’s Acute Care & Monitoring Division (ERP-2024-14025) for work that is in support of work contained within this manuscript. Funding from the partner organization is provided to match NSERC governmental funding only, in keeping with NSERC policies. Medtronic does not direct the research objectives, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or publication of the findings in any way. All other authors assert that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this work, confirming the absence of any financial interests, affiliations, or personal relationships that may have influenced or biased this research.
