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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Revised: 18 January 2026

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The experimental protocol received approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (Approval No. IRM2-IACUC-2411-009). All animal experiments adhered to the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

: In this study, we strictly complied with the ethical requirements for experimental animals and established clear humane endpoints. During the course of the experiments, some mice in the untreated and treated groups developed serious health problems, such as weight loss of more than 20%, blood in the stool, and locomotor disorders. To protect the welfare of the animals, we immediately terminated these experiments and euthanized them to alleviate their suffering. This practice demonstrated our respect for the lives of experimental animals while ensuring the scientific reliability of the experimental data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.