Funding for this research was provided by:
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (D.D. 1058 23/06/2022, ECS00000043)
INEST, EU (D.D. 1058 23/06/2022, ECS00000043)
Article History
Received: 5 February 2026
Revised: 10 April 2026
Accepted: 4 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
:
: All the authors approve the publication of this study.
: Not applicable (rumen fluid was collected from culled cows after commercial slaughter).
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.