Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Office of Philosophy and Social Science (GD24YYS04)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (P0049603)
Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau (0057/2025/ITP1)
Macao Polytechnic University (RP/FCA-15/2025)
Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 17 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
:
: This research was approved by the Departmental Research Committee of Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Reference Number: HSEARS20240912010) regarding ethical issues, including consent to participate. All participants provided written informed consent, and their data were anonymized before analysis.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this section.