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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research did not involve any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. As such, ethics approval was not required.

: All authors give their consent for the publication of this manuscript in the International Journal of Geo-Engineering. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript as submitted, and confirm that this is an original work that has not been previously published nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.