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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. All imaging data were previously collected under ethical approvals by the original dataset providers and released in accordance with their respective consent procedures [ , ]. This study used only fully de-identified, publicly accessible data and did not involve prospective data collection or interaction with human participants [ , ]. According to institutional and national guidelines, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We confirm that we have read the Brain Informatics journal’s position on ethical publication and affirm that this manuscript complies with those guidelines.

: Not applicable. This study analyzed de-identified, publicly released data [ , ] and involved no direct patient contact.

: No copyrighted or previously published material requiring permission for reproduction was used in this manuscript. All figures and analyses are original and based on publicly available datasets [ , ].