Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 May 2025

Accepted: 21 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The overall analysis was approved by the Ethics board at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study uses only anonymised secondary data from publicly available neuroimaging datasets. No new data were collected specifically for this study. All datasets were obtained in accordance with the respective data usage agreements and under appropriate ethical approvals. All scans were acquired for studies approved by local institutional review boards, research ethics committees, or human investigation committees. UK Biobank received ethical approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 11/NW/0382), and all participants provided informed consent. PPMI also ensures that all participants provide informed consent in accordance with IRB-approved protocols outlined in the PPMI Operations Manual and the PPMI clinical protocol that can be found at .

: JNK holds shares in StratifAI, Synagen, Spira Labs, Saterra and Tremont AI, is Co-PI on institutional research grants from GSK and AstraZeneca, and declares honoraria or consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bioptimus, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, MSD, Novartis, BMS, Roche, and Pfizer. DT received honoraria for lectures by Bayer, GE, Roche, AstraZeneca, and Philips and holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany and in Synagen GmbH, Germany. HHK received speaker and consulting fees from Bayer, Biogen, Sanofi, Novartis, Siemens, and Teva; served on advisory boards for Biogen, Ixico, Sanofi, and Novartis and received research grants from Novartis and ELA.