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Authors
Zhang, Sai
Shi, Xuan
Li, Tao
Meng, Xian-Ming
Cheng, Cong-Qian
Wu, Xiao-Zhong
Cao, Tie-Shan
Zhao, Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Program (24ZXZSSS00580)
China Automotive Battery Research Institute (QK-20240316-011, ZX23240003)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2024
Accepted: 23 July 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study does not involve human tissue; therefore, no ethical approval was required.
: It is not applicable in this section.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
