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Authors
Qiu, Zi-Xin
Qian, Frank
Zhang, Yan-Bo
Liu, Jun
Geng, Ting-Ting
Li, Rui
Yao, Pang
Franco, Oscar H.
Rimm, Eric B.
Manson, JoAnn E.
Pan, An
Zhou, Mai-Geng
Huang, Kai
Liu, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1430-3016
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0508904)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82325043)
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study does not involve personal or medical information for any identifiable living individual. The CCDRFS study was approved by the ethical review committee of the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC (201819) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 2013. The NHANES protocols were approved by the Research Ethics Review Board of the USA National Center for Health Statistics. Ethical approval for the UK Biobank was granted by the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (11/NW/0382).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declared that they have no competing interests.
