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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects and was approved by the Ethics Committees of Rakuwakai Marutamachi Hospital (control number: Rakugaku-Rin-01-000420) and Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (approval number: E-00061). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the institutional review board and information was disclosed on the hospital website in an opt-out format.

: Individual consent for publication was not required because this study did not contain any personally identifiable information.

: RI received funding for the commissioned research from Kowa Company, Ltd. However, this study was not directly funded. YM received grants from Pfizer Japan Inc.; Kowa Company Ltd.; the Japan Pharmaceutical Association; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. YM is also a board member of the Japanese Society of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences and the Japanese Society for Infection Prevention and Control, and a committee member of the AMR Clinical Reference Center. However, this study was not directly funded. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.