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Authors
Ahmad, Iqbal
Fatima, Madiha
Khan, Ilyas
Bahadar, Sulaiman
Qadeer, Abdul
Hakim, Mohamad S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Qassim University (QU-APC-2025)
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 27 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, adhering to the ethical standards for medical research. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants. For adolescents below the age of 18, permission was secured from their parents or legal guardians. All the patients were informed about the study objectives and aims. The research was approved by the Ethical Committee of the District TB Control Center, Swabi, Pakistan (F.1–7/NTB-S-KP/2023/05). The studies were conducted in agreement with the local legislation and institutional requirements.
: Not applicable.
: MSH declares that he also serves as an associate editor for Tropical Disease, Travel Medicine and Vaccines . However, the manuscript has undergone a fully independent and objective peer-review process, and the editorial decision was made without any influence from the author’s role as an associate editor. All other authors declared no conflict of interest
