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Article History

Received: 21 July 2022

Accepted: 29 October 2022

First Online: 14 November 2022

Declarations

:

: Nepal Health Research Council approved the studies in Nepal. At the international level, since ICF Macro provided technical assistance, ICF Institutional Review Board approved all the NDHS. The data was made publicly available after removing personal identifiers and making it anonymous. The guideline from the Declaration of Helsinki was followed. Therefore, it was accessed through the DHS program website upon request and submission of the proposal noting the use of datasets.

: Similarly, the Independent Review Boards of New Era and ICF Macro International reviewed and approved all the data collection tools and procedures for NDHSs. The survey participants were informed about the voluntary nature of participation and confidentiality was assured. Moreover, informed consent was obtained prior to the interview as well as details of the survey were explained to each participant. In the case of children, mothers or caretakers provided consent. All the data enumerators signed the consent form and recorded the consent. Independent Review Boards of both ICF Macro International and New Era approved this consent procedure. The details are mentioned in the NDHS reports.

: Not applicable

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.