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Article History

Received: 28 June 2023

Accepted: 21 February 2024

First Online: 4 March 2024

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was waived as we used secondary data. As for the primary data of the Special Study of Non-Communicable Disease, <i>Komisi Etik Penelitian Kesehatan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan</i> (Ethical Committee of Health Research, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia) had given their approval with the reference number LB.02.01/2/KE.076/2018. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki). Additional ethical review board approval was obtained from the <i>Komisi Etik Riset dan Pengabdian Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia</i> (The Research and Community Engagement Ethical Committee, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia) with reference number 534/UN2.F10.D11/PPM.00.02/2022. All participants aged 15 years and above, or a parent and/or legal guardian (in the case of children under 16) had given their written informed consent prior to participating in the 2011–2018 Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study. Participants’ willingness to participate and written informed consent was reassessed before on-site laboratory testing and blood sample collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.