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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used secondary data from the Sukoyaka Health Survey and was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the National Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Institute of Health and Nutrition (approval number: 2023-003; approval date: May 11, 2023). This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent for the use of the data for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: This study is conducted under the “The project for improving the food environment through industry-academia-government collaboration” of the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, funded by a management expense grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and research funds from the commercial funder, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., KAGOME CO., Ltd., Kikkoman Corporation, ZENSHO HOLDINGS CO., LTD., NISSIN FOODS HOLDINGS CO., LTD., Nissui Corporation, and Meiji Co., Ltd.HF is employed by the commercial funder, KAGOME CO., Ltd. The commercial funder provides support in the form of salaries for HF.HF is employed by the commercial funder, KAGOME CO., Ltd. The commercial funder provides support in the form of salaries for HF.