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Authors
Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon
Tawfiq, Essa
Dadras, Fateme
Ezadi, Zainab
Jafari, Massoma
Fazli, Najibullah
Wasiq, Abdul Wahed
Dadras, Omid
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Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was waived by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University, as the analysis was based on secondary data obtained from the 2022–2023 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). The original MICS survey received ethical approval from Afghanistan’s Ministry of Public Health and UNICEF. The MICS survey protocols included obtaining informed consent from all participants prior to data collection. In the case of children, informed consent was secured from a parent or legal guardian. Moreover, the study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
