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Authors
Kutwah, Moses Amram https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4836-4295
David-Kigaru, Dorcus Mbithe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-5285
Kobia, Joseph https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-2197
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving research study participants were approved by the Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee (KUERC); PKU/2662/E1786, National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), NACOSTI/P22/22122, and Machakos County Government . Before participation, the study procedures were explained to all individuals. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 18 years and above. For participants under the age of 18, written informed consent was provided by a parent or a legal guardian, and the participants themselves provided written assent. Digitally collected data was securely submitted to a remote server, safeguarded through password-encrypted logs. Access to the datasets was restricted exclusively to authorized personnel, particularly the principal investigators.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
