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Authors
Ombogo, Lorraine A.
Karanja, Sarah
Terer, Carolyn C.
Otambo, Priscah
Ng’eno, Beatrice C.
Muniu, Erastus
Maina, Jane Njeri
Mbuka, J Schiller
Wanjihia, Violet
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
Government of Kenya through the Board of Management and the Office of the Director General, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, Internal Research Grant (ACC NO: L-0132)
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the KEMRI Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (SERU), reference number KEMRI/SERU/CPHR/42/05/4549. Research permits were sought from the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI), while written authorization to conduct the research was obtained from the Bomet County Ministry of Health (MOH). This study was conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures involving human participants and data complied with ethical standards, safeguarding the rights, safety, and well-being of participants throughout the research. Informed written consent to participate was obtained from all participants, and for the minors (children 6-24 months), the mothers or other legal guardians, also called caregivers in this study, provided written informed consent on behalf of the children before enrollment.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
