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Authors
Cruz, Paulo Gustavo Costa e Silva
Rocha, Danielly das Chagas
Carvalho, Aline Martins
Teixeira, Carla Djaine
Maciel, Gabrielle Gomes
Lopes, Mariana Souza
Jacob, Michelle Cristine Medeiros
Gomes, Sávio Marcelino
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidade Federal da Paraíba , Brasil
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: The 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (Approval No. 3.529.376, August 23, 2019), and all participants provided informed consent. According to Resolution No. 466/2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council, secondary analyses of anonymized public data, such as the PNS, do not require additional ethical approval.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
