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Authors
Okada, Chika
Tousen, Yuko
Takebayashi, Jun
Yoshita, Katsushi
Ishimi, Yoshiko
Takimoto, Hidemi
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted using anonymized secondary data from the NHNS, which is administered by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. The NHNS is a government-led public statistical survey, and its anonymized data are made available for research purposes. According to national ethical guidelines and the policy of the Ministry, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study. In accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects, approval from the Institutional Review Board was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
