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Article History

Received: 31 May 2024

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at The University of Newcastle (H-2012-0344). All players, in accordance with the NRL and Rugby League Players Association Collective Bargaining Agreement, consented a priori to the collection of their deidentified injury data, for the purposes of research.

: SM has no declarations to disclose.DT serves as a scientific advisor for HitIQ. He previously consulted for REACT Neuro, Inc. He has a consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild TBIs (including former athletes). He received research funding from Amgen, Inc. and Football Research Inc.AJG has a clinical practice in neuropsychology involving individuals who have sustained sport-related concussion. He is a concussion consultant to Rugby Australia and the Sydney Swans Football Club. He is the global clinical lead for the World Rugby Brain Health Service. He is a member of the World Rugby Concussion Working Group, and a member of the Australian Football League Concussion Scientific Advisory Committee. He has received travel funding or been reimbursed by professional sporting bodies, and commercial organisations for discussing or presenting sport-related concussion research at meetings, scientific conferences, workshops, and symposiums. He is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant. He acknowledges unrestricted philanthropic support from the National Rugby League, the International Olympic Committee, the Australian Sports Commission, and World Rugby for research in former elite level athletes.GLI serves or has served as a scientific advisor for NanoDX®, Sway Operations, LLC, and Highmark, Inc. He has a clinical and consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild TBIs. He has received past research support or funding from several test publishing companies, including ImPACT Applications, Inc., CNS Vital Signs, and Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR, Inc.). He has received research funding as a principal investigator from the National Football League, and subcontract grant funding as a collaborator from the Harvard Integrated Program to Protect and Improve the Health of National Football League Players Association Members.None of the above entities were involved in the study design, analysis, interpretation, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.