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Authors
Fohrmann, Dominik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0032-9936
Schaffarczyk, Marcelle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8330-8817
Menge, Carolin https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4853-0136
Willwacher, Steffen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-3165
Sanchez-Alvarado, Alberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-0537
Gronwald, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-6013
Hollander, Karsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-9665
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MSH Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2024
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for the present study was granted by the local ethics committee of the MSH Medical School Hamburg (reference no.: MSH-2023/233). All participants gave written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: KH serves as Chief Medical Officer (honorary position) for the German Athletics Association (DLV), which receives sponsorship from NIKE, and as Team Physician for the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) and German Ski Association (DSV), which receives sponsorship from adidas AG. These relationships did not influence the design, conduct, or reporting of the research presented in this manuscript. Previous and ongoing work of SW and his group has been financially supported by adidas AG. This relationship did not influence the design, conduct, or reporting of the research presented in this manuscript. The other authors report no potential conflicts of interest with the content of this study.
