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Article History

Received: 25 February 2026

Accepted: 9 June 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted on de-identified data and follows the standards of ethics in clinical research. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (#IRB18-1365). This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All individuals included in this study provided written informed consent to participate.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Baggish has received funding from the National Institute of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), and the American Heart Association and receives compensation for his role as team cardiologist from the US Olympic Committee/US Olympic Training Centers, US Soccer, US Rowing, the New England Patriots, the Boston Bruins, the New England Revolution, and Harvard University. Dr. Zafonte reported receiving royalties from Springer/Demos publishing for serving as coeditor of the text Brain Injury Medicine; serving on the scientific advisory board of Myomo Inc, and onecare.ai Inc; evaluating patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital Brain and Body–TRUST Program, which is funded by the NFLPA; and receiving grants from the NIH. Dr. Weisskopf reported receiving grants from the NFLPA and the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr. Konstantinides, Dr. Leung, Dr. Grashow, Dr. Whittington, Dr. Speizer, and Ms. Nolan received grant funding from the NFLPA. Dr. Taylor and Mrs. Pugh did not report any competing interests.