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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Accepted: 7 July 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The vaccination protocols and collection of samples in trials 1 and 3 were part of regular health managements in this farm and were performed by the veterinarian in charge. Accordingly, an official approval for the application of the autogenous vaccine was not necessary. Trial 2 was approved by the Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee of the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna in accordance with the University’s guidelines for Good Scientific Practice and authorized by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (ref BMBWF 2022 − 0.474.437) in accordance with current legislation. Collection of blood from non-infected piglets for scientific purposes such as the reconstituted bactericidal assay in this study is registered under the permit number A09/19 for members of the Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology in Saxony, Germany. 14 challenge experiment in Saxony, Germany [ ]. Piglets in this challenge experiment were infected experimentally and cared for in accordance with the principles outlined in the EU Directive 2010/63/EU and the German Animal Protection Law (Tierschutzgesetz). The challenge experiment of this study was approved by the Saxony Regional Office (permit no. TVV37/17) which includes review and approval by an ethics committee. All animal experiments or samplings were in accordance with the principles outlined in the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.