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Authors
Mahmud, Md. Rayhan
Uddin, Md. Karim
Kareljärvi, Peppi
Jalasvuori, Matti
Peräkylä, Juuli
Eklund, Tiia
Biström, Mia
Hasan, Shah
Vatanen, Tommi
Kiljunen, Saija
Oliviero, Claudio
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted according to the ethical guidelines of the University of Helsinki. The animal ethics permission for this study was granted by the Project Authorisation Board (formerly the Animal Experiment Board, ELLA) of the Regional State Administrative Agency, authorization number ESAVI/22394/2022. The animals used in this study were purchased for the University of Helsinki research facility; therefore, no third-party owner consent was required. The study adhered to the best practices of veterinary care.
: M.J, J.P., T.E., and S.K. are affiliated with PrecisionPhage Ltd (Jyväskylä, Finland) and S.H. with Hankkija Ltd (Hyvinkää, Finland). These companies do not have any role in study design or result interpretation. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the other author(s).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
