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Article History

Received: 28 February 2024

Accepted: 4 March 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Declarations

:

: UK NHS Research ethics approval was granted by West Midlands—Black Country Research Ethics Committee (23/WM/0098) on 23rd May 2023.

: Not applicable.

: NM has received, through her university, King’s College London, research funding from Mundipharma Research Ltd (pharmaceutical company that produces a naloxone nasal spray). CAG has no competing interests. EC has no competing interests. TW has no competing interests. MK has taken part in industry sponsored research for Camurus, Indivior and Mundipharma. JSc has received payment from the College of Mental Health pharmacy for delivering training on their short course programme and for delivering a keynote talk at their 2023 conference. JS and SP have contributed to UK guidelines on the potential role of contingency management in the management of opioid addiction (NICE, 2007; convened by SP, chaired by JS), SP receives funding from NICE for the production of clinical guidelines. JS has chaired the broader-scope pan-UK working group preparing the 2017 and 2007 Orange Guidelines for the UK Departments of Health and Social Care, providing guidance on management and treatment of drug dependence and misuse, including guidance on possible inclusion of contingency management. JS is a researcher and clinician who, through his university, has worked/is working with pharma and tech industries to identify new or improved interventions and his employer (King’s College London) has received grants, travel costs and/or consultancy payments; this includes discussion and investigation of new naloxone formulations with, past 3 years, Mundipharma, Accord and dne pharma (all of whom have naloxone products). His employer (King’s College London) also earlier registered intellectual property on a buccal naloxone formulation, naming JS and colleagues, and he was previously named in a patent registration by a pharmaceutical company regarding concentrated nasal naloxone spray. JS does not receive any personal payment from these arrangements. JS has also worked with various drug policy organisations and advisory bodies including the Society for the Study of Addiction (SSA) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). JS was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. For a fuller account, see JS’s web-page at .