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Article History

Received: 26 October 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Declarations

:

: was secured from the Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-ET) organization dataset for research. The nationally representative survey, conducted by the Addis Ababa University School of Public Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, provided data accessible through the website . Authorization was obtained via an approval letter, and the data were used exclusively for this study, maintaining confidentiality and adhering to IRB-approved procedures. No personal or household identifiers were disclosed, and ethical guidelines were strictly followed, as outlined in the PMA report. Permission was sought from all levels for the study involving individuals under 18 years old. Caretakers received comprehensive information about the study’s purpose, data collection procedures, and potential risks/benefits. Informed written consent was obtained from caretakers, representing each reproductive age women’s family. A child participated only with caretaker agreement, and if a child opted out, their decision was respected, irrespective of caretaker consent. Informed consent was obtained from each study participant before the commencement of data collection. Confidentiality of information was received from the study participants maintained by using codes rather than the names of participants during data collection procedures. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary. All methods and materials were carried out under relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.