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Authors
Avenant, Chanel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-1473
Moliki, Johnson Mosoko
Bick, Alexis J.
Dlamini, Sigcinile
Singata-Madliki, Mandisa
Hofmeyr, G. Justus
Chen, Pai-Lien
Storbeck, Karl-Heinz
Africander, Donita J.
Erikson, David W.
Hapgood, Janet P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
South African Medical Research Council
National Institutes of Health, United States and South African Medical Research Council (R01HD083026, R01HD083026)
National Institutes of Health, United States and South African Medical Research Council (R01AI152118, R01AI152118)
National Institutes of Health (P51 OD011092)
UCT Vice Chancellor’s Advancing Womxn
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Article History
Received: 21 December 2024
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the WHICH trial was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee (FHS HREC, M180528) of the University of Witwatersrand, and from the East London Hospital Institutional Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Provincial Departments of Health of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. All women provided informed, written consent to authorize study participation and storage of samples. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2011) and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Bill of Rights). Ethical approval for the secondary study conducted at the University of Cape Town (UCT), was obtained from the UCT Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 664/2018).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
