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Authors
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Oluwagbemiga, Adeyemi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-8425
Ayodele, Johnson Oluwole https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-4043
Owoeye, Olumide
Adebusuyi, Jane Roli
Abubakar, Mairo
Arigbede, Yetunde A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-1482
Ambursa, Abdullahi Abubakar
Shehu, Ibrahim
Hamisu, Bashar
Halane, Salad https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1618-8745
Abbani, Abubakar Yakubu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-8327
Giro, Mustapha Usman
Boku, Umar Idris
Omiya, Abdulmumin Musa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-8893
Shamaki, Muazu Alhaji
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Article History
Received: 18 October 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
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: The NDHS data used in this study were collected by the National Population Commission of Nigeria in collaboration with The DHS Program. Ethical approval for the survey was obtained by the implementing agencies, and written informed consent was obtained from all survey participants prior to data collection. For minors, consent was obtained from parents or guardians in accordance with the World Health Organization’s ethical guidelines. As this study involved secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymized NDHS data, no additional ethical approval or consent was required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
