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Authors
Otitoju, Oluwatobiloba
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Awoniyi, Anthonia
Adesina, Adewale Nuraen
Ajibade, Theophilus Oluwatosin
Boboye, Israel
Banjo, Olufunmilayo Olufunmilola
Ogunjuyigbe, Peter Olasupo
Bisiriyu, Luqman Adeleke
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Article History
Received: 22 June 2026
Accepted: 4 August 2026
First Online: 7 August 2026
Declarations
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Ethical approval: The 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) protocol was reviewed and approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC) and the ICF Institutional Review Board. Permission to access and use the dataset for this study was obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The data used in this study were anonymized and publicly available; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required for this secondary data analysis.
Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the DHS Program prior to data collection. For respondents younger than 18 years, consent procedures were conducted in accordance with DHS ethical guidelines and national regulations.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
