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Assessment of the size distribution of the big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810) in the diet of the Caspian seal (Pusa caspica Gmellin, 1788) using fish otoliths from fecal samples

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-025-00237-z

Published Online: 2025-08-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Baimukanov, Mirgaliy

Iskakov, Akzhan

Shagilbayev, Anuar
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (No. AP14871482)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-04

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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The studies on Big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) in this article were conducted on specimens fixed according to generally accepted methods, while the research on Caspian seals (Pusa caspica) was conducted using a non-invasive procedure. All studies were approved by the local ethics committee of the “Institute of Hydrobiology and Ecology.” As a result, Conclusion No. 1, dated October 4, 2024, was issued, stating that the research is being conducted in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which prohibit animal cruelty.

: Informed consent was obtained from the Kazakh Agency of Applied Ecology LLP employees and Tengizchevroil LLP for using Caspian atherina in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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