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Article History

Received: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 10 August 2026

First Online: 13 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: We obtained ethical approval for this study from the Research Ethics Committee of Wollo University (approved in September 2017), and official research permission was obtained from the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority. We conducted all components of this research involving human participants in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, we explained the study’s objectives and data-use policies to all prospective respondents. Then, we obtained written or oral informed consent voluntarily from each participant via an Informant Consensus Form. Because all study participants were aged 18 years or older, consent from legal guardians or representatives was not required. Furthermore, all non-invasive observational protocols and data collection methods involving non-human primates adhered to the ethical standards established by the American Society of Primatologists.

Consent for publication: This manuscript does not contain any person’s data, and further consent for publication is not required/ applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.