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Authors
Alshater, Muneer M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-3301
Khoury, Rim El https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-7591
Ferdous, Marah
Supriani, Indri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5279-5042
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2024
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: This research does not involve any human subjects. Therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable.
: The authors have agreed to publish the manuscript in the Economics of Innovation and New Technology.
: All authors declare that there are no competing interests in this research.
