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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Outstanding Youth Project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2021B1515020073)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71671191)
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Article History
Received: 18 May 2025
Accepted: 15 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: The author declare that they have no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study utilizes anonymized and aggregated credit records and mobile phone usage data provided by authorized financial institutions and mobile operators under legally compliant data sharing agreements. All personal identifiers were removed by the data providers before data access, ensuring no personally identifiable information (PII) was available to the researchers.According to the data governance policies of the providers and local regulations on secondary use of anonymized data, this research did not involve direct interaction with human subjects or access to sensitive individual-level information. Therefore, formal ethics committee approval was not required for this study.
: Not applicable. This study analyzes anonymized and aggregated datasets provided by third-party institutions. No individual-level data (e.g., names, identification numbers, or contact information) are presented in the manuscript, and no case reports or personal details are included.
