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Article History

Received: 7 November 2024

Accepted: 10 December 2024

First Online: 27 January 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nanjing Municipal Education Bureau [NJEEC-2022–031] and was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for research involving human participants outlined by the Higher Education Department of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, as well as relevant ethical standards established by the Nanjing Municipal Education Bureau. All participants signed an informed consent form, which outlined the purpose of the study, their right to withdraw at any time, assurances that their participation would remain anonymous, and that all data would be securely stored to minimize the risk of personal information disclosure.

: Both authors, He Han and Bing Li, have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication in Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education.

: The authors declare no competing interests.