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Article History

Received: 15 October 2024

Accepted: 27 December 2024

First Online: 8 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines of research involving human participants. Due to the nature of the research, which did not involve vulnerable populations, medical data, or sensitive personal information, formal ethical approval from an ethics committee was not required. However, all procedures performed in the study were in compliance with the ethical standards of Nanjing Normal University and the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013.Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participants were provided with clear information regarding the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained, and all data were securely stored in a manner that protected participant identities.

: The authors declare no competing interests.